Teen People Magazine Essay -- BTEC Business Marketing GCSE Coursework

teenaged People MagazineThe Teen People, September edition, is a clipping designed to appeal to young egg-producing(prenominal) readers. Its content features well known celebrities, use of bright and flashy colors, and an organized layout that attracts an upbeat, young readership interested in high-quality appearance and style. Although the magazines main digest may appear to insure a great fashion sense, it also concentrates on a philosophical orientation by covering a more than diverse readership that includes all colors, sizes, and shapes of female persons. Teen People also expands its audience by recognizing both optical and text orientated audiences. To appeal to the more visual oriented audience, the magazine uses exotic photography in the advertisements for Self Esteem, cryptical Deodorant, and Ralph Lauren. For the more text oriented audience, the magazine includes celebrity profiles on Ruben Studdard as well as both Nick Lachey and Jessica Simpson. Whether the audienc e is visual or text oriented, Teen Peoples main objective is to create an animated and enjoyable magazine for young female readers. The advertisement for the clothing line Self Esteem uses an imaginative idea of a human butterfly to catch the eye of its visual oriented viewers (117). The advertisement pictures a young Mediterranean female with butterfly wings attached to her back. She is dressed in casual attire with thou cargo pants and a simple khaki colored shirt. The unusual depiction and choice in clothing may insinuate that an athletic female reader can effectively express herself by dressing comfortably in Self Esteem clothing wear. The smile and happy indication illustrates that granting immunity of originality leads to eternal happiness. Self Esteem places the young female in the midst of... ...emales tend to desire. Self Esteem uses a deeper level of thinking to portray beauty. Secret Deodorant tends to advertise angelic beauty, whereas companies such as Ralph Lauren ad vertise natural beauty. Although both articles use big celebrities to attract their readers, they tend to differ in who is attracted and wherefore they are attracted to the article. Whatever the approach may be, Teen People Magazine accurately appeals to all types of people who desire a good style sense, knowledge on their favorite celebrities, and overall beauty. Works CitedRalph Lauren advertisement. Teen People. September 2005 51.Ruben Studdard Article. Teen People. September 2005 176.Secret Deodorant advertisement. Teen People. September 2005 64.Self Esteem advertisement. Teen People. September 2005 117.Theyve Got Game. Teen People. September 2005 190.

Relationship Between Strings and Spacetime Geometry :: essays research papers

If strand supposition is a theory of gloominess, whence how does it compare with brainiacs theory of gravity? What is the affinity between strings and space snip geometry?Strings and gravitons The simplest case to view is a single string traveling in a flat spacetime in d dimensions, pith that it is traveling across space while time is ticking, so to speak. A string is a one-dimensional object, meaning that if you want to travel along a string, you potbelly only go forwards or backwards in the direction of the string, there is no obliquely or up and down on a string. The string can move sideways or up and down in spacetime, though, and as the string moves around in spacetime, it sweeps out a surface in spacetime called the string worldsheet, a monotonic surface with one dimension of space and one dimension of time. The string worldsheet is the key to all the physics of the string. A string oscillates as it travels by dint of the d-dimensional spacetime. Those oscill ations can be viewed from the two-dimensional string worldsheet point of view as oscillations in a two-dimensional quantum gravity theory. In order to make those quantized oscillations undifferentiated with quantum mechanics and special relativity, the number of spacetime dimensions has to be restricted to 26 in the case of a theory with only forces (bosons), and 10 dimensions if there are some(prenominal) forces and matter (bosons and fermions) in the ingredient spectrum of the theory. So where does gravity come in? If the string traveling through spacetime is a closed string, then the spectrum of oscillations includes a particle with 2 units of spin and zero mass, with the right type of interactions to be the graviton, the particle that is the carrier of the gravitational force. Where there are gravitons, then there must be gravity. Where is the gravity in string theory?Strings and spacetime geometry The classical theory of spacetime geometry that we call gravity c onsists of the Einstein equation, which relates the curvature of spacetime to the distribution of matter and energy in spacetime. But how do the Einstein equations come out of string theory? If a closed string is traveling in a curved spacetime, then the coordinates of the string in spacetime feel this curvature as the string propagates.Relationship Between Strings and Spacetime Geometry essays explore papersIf string theory is a theory of gravity, then how does it compare with Einsteins theory of gravity? What is the relationship between strings and spacetime geometry?Strings and gravitons The simplest case to imagine is a single string traveling in a flat spacetime in d dimensions, meaning that it is traveling across space while time is ticking, so to speak. A string is a one-dimensional object, meaning that if you want to travel along a string, you can only go forwards or backwards in the direction of the string, there is no sideways or up and down on a string. The stri ng can move sideways or up and down in spacetime, though, and as the string moves around in spacetime, it sweeps out a surface in spacetime called the string worldsheet, a two-dimensional surface with one dimension of space and one dimension of time. The string worldsheet is the key to all the physics of the string. A string oscillates as it travels through the d-dimensional spacetime. Those oscillations can be viewed from the two-dimensional string worldsheet point of view as oscillations in a two-dimensional quantum gravity theory. In order to make those quantized oscillations consistent with quantum mechanics and special relativity, the number of spacetime dimensions has to be restricted to 26 in the case of a theory with only forces (bosons), and 10 dimensions if there are both forces and matter (bosons and fermions) in the particle spectrum of the theory. So where does gravity come in? If the string traveling through spacetime is a closed string, then the spectrum of o scillations includes a particle with 2 units of spin and zero mass, with the right type of interactions to be the graviton, the particle that is the carrier of the gravitational force. Where there are gravitons, then there must be gravity. Where is the gravity in string theory?Strings and spacetime geometry The classical theory of spacetime geometry that we call gravity consists of the Einstein equation, which relates the curvature of spacetime to the distribution of matter and energy in spacetime. But how do the Einstein equations come out of string theory? If a closed string is traveling in a curved spacetime, then the coordinates of the string in spacetime feel this curvature as the string propagates.

Faust: Book Review :: essays research papers

Faust Book ReviewThis novel written originally by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe andtranslated by Walter Kaufmann. There are 201 pages in this novel.. This bookis a poem divided into two parts and has many adventures in it. The point ofview is from the writer of the play, 3rd person narration. The theme of thisnovel is Dont al elans take the easy way step up of things because in the end youwill pay for them.This novel starts off with Mephisto the Devil asking God to be able totempt a pupil named Faust. Mephisto talks with angels and God. Mephisto tellsGod that Faust is loyal to him but will no be for long. Mephisto is going totake Faust from him. Faust is sitting in his study most of the poem. He looks upinformation to gain more knowledge. When he is looking one day through his studyhe notices a book that he has never bring outn before. Faust takes it out and examinesit and finds out it is a book of spells, With this spell book he calls onMephisto. Faust finds out that Mephisto neve r wants to say his name justdescribe his great condition and plans that he can give Faust. Mephisto fails thefirst time to get Faust to give in. He comes back the next day and tries againbut doesnt gain his touch in this deed. After Faust calls on Mephisto theymake a deal. Mephisto would serve Faust in this life and when Faust would die hewould come to hell and help Mephisto in picture for giving Faust all this power.Faust agrees and this is the start of the deed. Mephisto would do anything inhis power for Faust. These things that Mephisto did was to try to get LadyGretchen (that Faust liked dearly) to notice him. Mephisto would give Gretchendiamonds and other assortment of jewelry to tempt her. This did not work. Overthe years of Mephisto doing all these deeds for Faust, He gained a lot ofknowledge. Faust started to get real old and very ill. He started to see ghostsand other kinds of unnatural things in front of his eyes that he never sawbefore. Over more time Faust becomes bl ind and can no eight-day do anything. WhenFaust is dying Mephisto gets ready to take him to hell to serve him in eternity.When Faust dies God comes into the picture again. He gets angels to distractMephisto and take Faust into Heaven. God forgives Faust for all he has done.

The Immigrants of America Essay -- Immigration

The culture of every ethnic group is beautiful in its own way and outlay cherishing. Today, America is known as the great melting pot not for the number of immigrants it has hardly rather because of the wonderful cultures and traditions the immigrants brought with them. Immigrants do not need to relinquish their mother tongue, significant celebrations or customs to become American. However to be socially accepted, they will need to learn slope, take part in celebrating interior(a) holidays and fulfill their patriotic duties Americans like every other U.S citizens. It is important for immigrants to learn to speak and write in English while keeping their native tongue. Without discerning how to speak the common language here, it is impossible to blend in. I have seen Vietnamese people who migrated to the United States more than ten years ago but still speak little to no English. Most of them live in their little Vietnamese communities, subsisting off either minimal pay-checks fro m manual labor, such as giving manicures, or their relatives paychecks. They are like parasites that could literally die without their host. Foremost, they will put themselves in danger because they cannot read warning signs and prohibitions. If emergencies arise, these non-English speakers would not be adequate to(p) to explain the situation to a police officer. In the worse case, they will endanger others lives as well. These probably have their own reasons for not learning English but denial to learn when they have the potential is simply illogical when this would open so many doors, opportunities and win them the acceptance of the general population. Even Nipponese people learn to speak English once they migrate to America although it is the taboo language in Japan. Immigra... ...nd Videos - For Dummies. Web. 07 Dec. 2010. .Yamaguchi, Kristi. Faces of America - Kristi Yamaguchi. Interview by Henry L. Gates, jr. PBS. Web. 7 Dec. 2010. .Parrillo, Vincent. Causes of Prejudice. Re-reading America Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. Eds. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen and Bonnie Lisle. 8th Ed. Boston Bedford/ St. Martins, 2010. 384-398Rumbaut, Ruben G., Douglas S. Massey, and Frank D. Bean. Linguistic Life Expectancies Immigrant Language Retention in Southern California. Tech. Population Council. Web. 17 Dec. 2010. .

The Bright Future of Genetic Engineering Essay -- Exploratory Essays R

The Bright Future of Genetic EngineeringImagine the major food crops - corn, wheat, rice, soybeans - which can freeze off diseases - and resist pests - and create their own fertilizers - and resist extremes of weather. Imagine potatoes containing more(prenominal) protein, and other vegetables and fruits which contain more nutrients, taste better and resist rot. Can you imagine tomatoes that actually taste like tomatoes. Imagine what much(prenominal) food crops could flirt with for a world population which will double in less than 40 years. Imagine a fundamental revolution in health commission - with treatments and perhaps even cures for heart disease, arthritis, Alzheimers, cancer and AIDS. Richard J. Mahoney, 1993 (Wekesser 30) Genetic engineer is a topic which has come under great scrutiny and debate. Since its expression on the scientific stage in 1973 (Wekesser 23), it has been heralded as everything from the discovery of a fountain of youth to the harbinger of the death o f humanity. In reality, transmittable design is none of theses things. In simple terms, it is merely the utilization of one or more techniques for the purpose of modifying the DNA of an organism (Britannica V, 178). By modifying DNA, scientists today can use up some genetic diseases, they can manipulate plants and animals for increased food production and they can help protect against certain environmental hazards. Though genetic engineering is still in its infancy, its potential to benefit mankind is unprecedented. As such, it is a field that must be explored to its fullest. There are many facets to genetic engineering. The intimately common of these is recombinant DNA. This is a process through which the DNA of one organism is taken and combined with the DNA of another organism. The... ... Heredity The Physical Basis of Heredity.?The juvenile Encyclopedia Britannica Macropedia. fifteenth ed., 1989.Genetic Engineering.?The New Encyclopedia Britannica Micropedia. 15th ed., 198 9.McCuen, Gary E. Manipulating Life Debating the Genetic Revolution. Hudson, Wisconsin Gary E. McCuen Publications Inc., 1985.ONeill, Terry, ed. Biomedical Ethics Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1994.Rosenthal, Nadia. Molecular Medicine Tools of the treat - Recombinant DNA.?The New England ledger of Medicine 04 August 1994 315+.Ubell, Earl. Should You Consider Gene TestingParade 12 January 1997 8+.Voelker, Rebecca. A Clone by Any Other Name Is mute an Ethical Concern.? diary of the American Medical Association 02 February 1994 331+.Wekesser, Carol, ed. Genetic Engineering Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1994. The Bright Future of Genetic Engineering Essay -- Exploratory Essays RThe Bright Future of Genetic EngineeringImagine the major food crops - corn, wheat, rice, soybeans - which can resist diseases - and resist pests - and create their own fertilizers - and resist extremes of weather. Imagine potatoes containing mo re protein, and other vegetables and fruits which contain more nutrients, taste better and resist rot. Can you imagine tomatoes that actually taste like tomatoes. Imagine what such food crops could mean for a world population which will double in less than 40 years. Imagine a fundamental revolution in health care - with treatments and perhaps even cures for heart disease, arthritis, Alzheimers, cancer and AIDS. Richard J. Mahoney, 1993 (Wekesser 30) Genetic engineering is a topic which has come under great scrutiny and debate. Since its appearance on the scientific stage in 1973 (Wekesser 23), it has been heralded as everything from the discovery of a fountain of youth to the harbinger of the death of humanity. In reality, genetic engineering is none of theses things. In simple terms, it is merely the utilization of one or more techniques for the purpose of modifying the DNA of an organism (Britannica V, 178). By modifying DNA, scientists today can eliminate some genetic diseases, t hey can manipulate plants and animals for increased food production and they can help protect against certain environmental hazards. Though genetic engineering is still in its infancy, its potential to benefit mankind is unprecedented. As such, it is a field that must be explored to its fullest. There are many facets to genetic engineering. The most common of these is recombinant DNA. This is a process through which the DNA of one organism is taken and combined with the DNA of another organism. The... ... Heredity The Physical Basis of Heredity.?The New Encyclopedia Britannica Macropedia. 15th ed., 1989.Genetic Engineering.?The New Encyclopedia Britannica Micropedia. 15th ed., 1989.McCuen, Gary E. Manipulating Life Debating the Genetic Revolution. Hudson, Wisconsin Gary E. McCuen Publications Inc., 1985.ONeill, Terry, ed. Biomedical Ethics Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1994.Rosenthal, Nadia. Molecular Medicine Tools of the Trade - Recombinant DNA.?The New E ngland Journal of Medicine 04 August 1994 315+.Ubell, Earl. Should You Consider Gene TestingParade 12 January 1997 8+.Voelker, Rebecca. A Clone by Any Other Name Is Still an Ethical Concern.?Journal of the American Medical Association 02 February 1994 331+.Wekesser, Carol, ed. Genetic Engineering Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1994.

The Bright Future of Genetic Engineering Essay -- Exploratory Essays R

The glistering Future of Genetic Engineering pretend the major fare crops - corn, wheat, rice, soybeans - which can disagree diseases - and resist pests - and create their own fertilizers - and resist extremes of weather. Imagine potatoes containing more protein, and other vegetables and fruits which contain more nutrients, taste better and resist rot. chamberpot you imagine tomatoes that in reality taste like tomatoes. Imagine what such food crops could mean for a world population which will double in slight than 40 years. Imagine a fundamental revolution in health care - with treatments and perhaps even cures for heart disease, arthritis, Alzheimers, cancer and AIDS. Richard J. Mahoney, 1993 (Wekesser 30) Genetic engineering is a topic which has tell apart under great scrutiny and debate. Since its appearance on the scientific stage in 1973 (Wekesser 23), it has been heralded as everything from the discovery of a overflow of youth to the prefigure of the death of humanity. In reality, genetic engineering is none of theses things. In simple terms, it is merely the utilization of one or more techniques for the think of modifying the DNA of an being (Britannica V, 178). By modifying DNA, scientists today can eliminate some genetic diseases, they can manipulate plants and animals for increased food production and they can attention protect against indisputable environmental hazards. Though genetic engineering is still in its infancy, its potential to benefit mankind is unprecedented. As such, it is a field that must(prenominal) be explored to its fullest. thither are many facets to genetic engineering. The most common of these is recombinant DNA. This is a process through which the DNA of one organism is taken and unite with the DNA of other organism. The... ... Heredity The Physical Basis of Heredity.?The New Encyclopedia Britannica Macropedia. 15th ed., 1989.Genetic Engineering.?The New Encyclopedia Britannica Micropedia. 15th ed., 1989.McCuen, Gary E. Manipulating Life Debating the Genetic Revolution. Hudson, Wisconsin Gary E. McCuen Publications Inc., 1985.ONeill, Terry, ed. Biomedical morals Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1994.Rosenthal, Nadia. Molecular Medicine Tools of the Trade - Recombinant DNA.?The New England Journal of Medicine 04 August 1994 315+.Ubell, Earl. Should You Consider Gene TestingParade 12 January 1997 8+.Voelker, Rebecca. A Clone by Any Other Name Is Still an Ethical Concern.?Journal of the American Medical Association 02 February 1994 331+.Wekesser, Carol, ed. Genetic Engineering Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1994. The Bright Future of Genetic Engineering Essay -- Exploratory Essays RThe Bright Future of Genetic EngineeringImagine the major food crops - corn, wheat, rice, soybeans - which can resist diseases - and resist pests - and create their own fertilizers - and resist extremes of weather. Imagine potatoes containing more protei n, and other vegetables and fruits which contain more nutrients, taste better and resist rot. Can you imagine tomatoes that actually taste like tomatoes. Imagine what such food crops could mean for a world population which will double in less than 40 years. Imagine a fundamental revolution in health care - with treatments and perhaps even cures for heart disease, arthritis, Alzheimers, cancer and AIDS. Richard J. Mahoney, 1993 (Wekesser 30) Genetic engineering is a topic which has come under great scrutiny and debate. Since its appearance on the scientific stage in 1973 (Wekesser 23), it has been heralded as everything from the discovery of a fountain of youth to the harbinger of the death of humanity. In reality, genetic engineering is none of theses things. In simple terms, it is merely the utilization of one or more techniques for the purpose of modifying the DNA of an organism (Britannica V, 178). By modifying DNA, scientists today can eliminate some genetic diseases, they can m anipulate plants and animals for increased food production and they can help protect against certain environmental hazards. Though genetic engineering is still in its infancy, its potential to benefit mankind is unprecedented. As such, it is a field that must be explored to its fullest. There are many facets to genetic engineering. The most common of these is recombinant DNA. This is a process through which the DNA of one organism is taken and combined with the DNA of another organism. The... ... Heredity The Physical Basis of Heredity.?The New Encyclopedia Britannica Macropedia. 15th ed., 1989.Genetic Engineering.?The New Encyclopedia Britannica Micropedia. 15th ed., 1989.McCuen, Gary E. Manipulating Life Debating the Genetic Revolution. Hudson, Wisconsin Gary E. McCuen Publications Inc., 1985.ONeill, Terry, ed. Biomedical Ethics Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1994.Rosenthal, Nadia. Molecular Medicine Tools of the Trade - Recombinant DNA.?The New England Jo urnal of Medicine 04 August 1994 315+.Ubell, Earl. Should You Consider Gene TestingParade 12 January 1997 8+.Voelker, Rebecca. A Clone by Any Other Name Is Still an Ethical Concern.?Journal of the American Medical Association 02 February 1994 331+.Wekesser, Carol, ed. Genetic Engineering Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1994.

Avoiding Ethical Impropriety:

AVOIDING ETHICAL IMPROPRIETY PROBLEMS OF multiple percentage RELATIONSHIPS INTRODUCTION season the primary sh atomic number 18 of a healer is to provide discuss services, healers often assume further captain offices related to their specific knowledge and training. For example, they whitethorn be bear onants, expert witnesses, supervisors, authors, or instructors. As private persons, therapists as well as assume non superior designs. They whitethorn be pargonnts, football(a) coaches, consumers, members of the PTA, fri abolishs, inner partners, and countless early(a) things.In their diverse passe-partout and private capacities therapists screwing contri juste often to the overall happiness of the communities in which they live and work. When a master key assumes at least one addendumal captain or indivi forkedized role with respect to the homogeneous guests, the singingship thus formed is termed a dual or multiple role traffichip. For example, a teacher whit ethorn also be the supervisor of one of his students/interns, or a counselor may also be a customer of a node/proprietor. Dual role relationships may occur simultaneously or consecutively (NASW, 1997, 1. 6. c). For example, a therapist has a consecutive dual role relationship when she counsels a billet internal partner or a motive student. While non all dual role relationships ar unethical ( come latent to endeavor signifi notifyt ill-treat to client or separate), whatevertimes the blending of the steering role with certain personal roles or with certain other professional roles can generate terrible moral problems. Throughout this paper this scholar provide apportion intricacies of problematic dual role relationships. The environment this learner will commission on is schools and universities.Two case studies will be confronted, one exploring some key issues of intimate relations with clients, the other exploring some key issues of non- sexual dual role relation ships. This learner will also apply the ACA code of ethics through with(predicate)out this paper. Four sets of standards believeing ethical management of dual role relationships will be adduced. DUAL ROLE RELATIONSHIPS INVOLVING CONFLICTS OF INTEREST Dual role relationships are morally problematic when they involve the therapist in a involution of raise. According to Davis and Stark a erson has a conflict of occupyingness if he is in a relationship with one or more others requiring the role of popular opinion in the others behalf but has a additional interest tending to interfere with the proper exercise of sound judgement in that relationship. For example, a therapists ability to counsel a client may be adversely affected if the counselor is also the clients chore partner. Insofar as a dual role relationship impairs the therapists ability to sacrifice judgments promotive of client welfare, the therapist has a moral certificate of indebtedness to suspend much(preno minal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a relationship or to place becharm steps to safeguard client welfare.One possible dash of dealing with a dual role relationship involving a conflict of interest is to inform the client that the conflict exists. In this way, clients are treated as autonomous agents with the power to go elsewhere if and when they so choose. However, while such an approach will accord with candor and consideration for client shore leave, it may not alone resolve the moral problem. The potential for client scathe may sleek over persist in cases in which the client elects to stick with the relationship. Non-maleficence premier(prenominal) do no harm should consequently take priority.A further approach aiming at mitigating potential for client harm is to make full disclosure to the client and adjudicate consultation and supervision in dealing with the conflict (Corey & Herlihy, 1997). According to Corey and Herlihy (1997), while this approach may be more challengi ng than ward offing dual role relationships altogether, a willingness to grapple with the ethical complexities of day-to-day practice is a hallmark of professionalism. However, the clients ability to grapple with the situation essential also be taken into account.In situations where the therapist seeks consultation and supervision to deal with a conflict of interest, candor requires that the therapist inform the client of such. Although different clients may respond differently to disclosure of this information, it should be considered what implications this arrangement may have from the clients perspective. If the therapist cannot trust himself (without supervision) to act in concert with client welfare, will this adversely effect the clients ability to trust the therapist in this or other situations?The mere existence of the dual role relationship may itself present an obstacle for the client. For example, in a relationship in which the client barters for discuss services, the client may feel compelled to treat the therapist in a manner that exceeds ordinary customer expectations. The clients perception may then be more key than the reality. Even if the therapist succeeds in maintaining emancipation of judgment through consultation and supervision, this may not matter if the client does not perceive the situation this way or if the client is otherwise un adequate to(p) to maintain objectivity.In some situations, dual role relationships may be unavoidable. For example, in a rural locality in which on that point is only one practicing therapist and one bank, the therapists loan officer may also be the therapists client. In situations where avoiding the dual role is not possible or not feasible, the therapist should then take precautions such as informed consent, consultation, supervision, and documentation to guard once morest impaired judgment and client exploitation (ACA, 1995, A. 6. a).Viewed in this light, therapists practicing under conditions wher e unavoidable dual role relationships are probably (for example, in small rural towns), have additional endorsement for making and keeping in contact with other competent professionals willing to provide consultation or supervision upon request. Morally problematic dual role relationships may be sexual or non-sexual in nature. internal dual role relationships take on ones in which therapists quest aft(prenominal) in sexual relations with occurrent clients or with precedent clients.Non-sexual dual role relationships include (but are not limited to) ones in which the therapist is also the clients supervisor, business partner or associate, friend, employee, relative, or teacher. While these relationships are often avoidable, their problematic nature may go unnoticed. For example, in an effort to encourage a friend in need, a therapist may, with all good intentions, overlook potential for client harm. Professional and legal standards governing sexual relationships with current clients conformablely forbid such relationships. Legal sanctions may include license revocation, civil suits, and criminal prosecution (Anderson, 1996).According to The American Counseling crosstie Code of ethics, counselors do not have either type of sexual intimacies with clients and do not counsel persons with whom they have had a sexual relationship (A. 7. a). The National Association of Social Workers Code of Ethics justifies its own prohibition against providing clinical services to former sexual partners on the grounds that such conduct has the potential to be harmful to the individual and is likely to make it grueling for the accessible worker and individual to maintain appropriate professional boundaries (NASW, 1997, 1. 9. d) The potential harm resulting from sexual activities with clients has been record. For example, citing the research of Kenneth S. Pope (1988), Herlihy and Corey (1997) have noted that harm may jibe that akin to victims of rape, battery, child a buse, and post traumatic stress. These effects include ambivalence, guilt, emptiness and isolation, identity/boundary/role confusion, sexual confusion, impaired ability to trust, wound up liability, sub receivable rage, cognitive dysfunction, and increased suicidal risk (p. 4). The prohibition against sexual activities with current clients has also been extended to students and supervisees. For example, according to the American Psychological Association Ethical hackneyeds, psychologists do not follow up on in sexual relationships with students or supervisees in training over whom the psychologist has evaluative or direct power, because such relationships are so likely to impair judgment or be exploitative (1. 19. b).There is, however, less consensus on the question of sex with former clients. Although some res publicas unconditionally regard sex with former clients as sexual misconduct, other disk operating system statutes as hale as codes of ethics make exceptions. For exa mple, Standard 4. 07 of the American Psychological Association Ethical Standards asserts the followers a. Psychologists do not make in sexual intimacies with a former therapy uncomplaining or client for at least two years later cessation or termination of professional services. . Because sexual intimacies with a former therapy patient or client are so frequently harmful to the patient or client, and because such intimacies undermine public confidence in the psychology profession and thereby deter the publics use of needed services, psychologists do not engage in sexual intimacies with former therapy patients and clients even after a two-year interval except in the most unusual circumstances.The psychologist who engages in such activities after the two years following cessation or termination of treatment bears the burden of demonstrating that there has been no exploitation, in light of all relevant factors, including (1) the fall of time that has passed since therapy lay offd, (2) the nature and duration of therapy, (3) the circumstances of termination, (4) the patients or clients personal history, (5) the patients or clients current mental status, (6) the ikelihood of adverse impact on the patient or client and others, and (7) any arguings or actions make by the therapist during the course of therapy suggesting or inviting the possibility of a post-termination sexual or romantic relationship with the patient or client. The American Counseling Association has recently adopted a similar find out stipulating a minimum two year waiting period, and requiring counselors to thoroughly essay and document that such relations did not have an exploitative nature based upon similar criteria as those set forth in the above rule (ACA, Code, A. . b). The American Association of Marriage and Family Counselors has also adopted a two year waiting period (AAMFT, 1991, 1. 12). Without stipulating a time period, the recent Code of Ethics of the National Association of So cial Workers has provided that social workers should not engage in sexual activities or sexual conduct with former clients because of the potential for harm to the client. The latter(prenominal) also adds that if social workers act contrary to this prohibition or claim exceptional circumstances, then social workers, not their clients, assume the full burden of demonstrating that the former client has not been exploited, coerced, or manipulated, intentionally or unintentionally (NASW, 1997, 1. 09. c). From a rule utilitarian perspective, a rule unconditionally forbidding sex with former clients may be warranted. First, as the above APA rule suggests, the circumstances of excusable sexual relationships with former clients are most unusual. Second, therapists contemplating sexual relations with former clients may find it punishing to objectively examine and document that such relationships are not exploitative. Their utilitarian calculations may be biased. Third, insofar as sexual int imacies with former clients are frequently harmful to clients and tend to undermine public confidence in the profession and its services, permitting such relations risks a high measure of disutility. Accordingly, if therapists avoided sexual relationships with former clients without exception, then they would probably maximize overall happiness in the long run.On the other hand, inclined discretionary standards such as those of the APA and ACA, it is important that therapists exercise such discretion wisely. The following case study is mean to shed light on confronting conflicts of interest when sexual interests become an issue. CASE 1 Sexual Dual Role Relationships A Case of Mutual Sexual Attachment crystallization first met Dr. perambulator, a thirty-eight-year-old psychologist, when she came to him for marital problems. crystal, an attractive, twenty-five-year-old women, had been married to her husband, Chris, for two years when she entered therapy.Chris was a wealthy corpor ate CEO and at the time the couple met, quartz glass was a fashion model working between jobs as a waiter in a popular nightclub. When the two were married, Chris insisted that Bethany give up her career goals and stay at home. Crystal cooperated with Chris, resigning from her job and severing all ties with her modeling agency. During the first few weeks of her marriage, after returning from a week-long honeymoon in Europe, she felt formerably contented. However, as the weeks went on, she began to experience increasing dissatisfaction with her new life, which she subsequently described as totally empty.Although she was frequently visited by friends, she still felt very much alone. Chris was often away on business and the couples relationship began to feel strained when the two were together. While they had previously enjoyed an active sex life, the couple gradually became sexually estranged. Crystal thought that their relationship world power improve if she resumed her modeling career, but when Crystal tried to discuss the matter with Chris, he refused to listen to her, stating I will not suffer the humiliation of having any wife of mine parading familiarly like a piece of meat. When she suggested that they go to marriage counseling, Chris refused, saying that there was nothing that the two couldnt resolve on their own. However, a close friend convinced(p) Crystal to seek counseling, even though her husband would not agree to come along. The friend recommended Dr. pedestrian. In therapy with Dr. stroller, Crystal often expressed a want to leave her husband but also expressed fears of cosmos by herself and of not making it on her own without guidance from her husband.On the one hand, she complained of boredom, loneliness, and desperation on the other, she expressed reluctance to give up what she now had to return to the precariousness of her former existence. It was a lot easier and less risky, she said, just to stay right where I am. Dr. Walker kne w from personal experience how difficult it could be to stand up to the fear of making changes in ones life without any guarantees. Having been through a divide (three years ago) with a woman whom he had been married to for thirteen years, Dr.Walker felt a personal bond with Crystal. He too had struggled with similar issues and felt the gist of inertia as he mustered up enough inner strength to leave a wife whom he had lived unhappily with for over a decade. Hence, when Crystal began to make romantic overtures toward him (telling him that she found him extremely attractive, that she was falling in love with him, and asking him if he felt the uniform about her), Dr. Walker found himself in a more perplexing situation. In receipt to Crystals query about his feelings toward her, Dr.Walker responded by stating query about his feelings toward her, Dr. Walker responded by stating I think you are a very attractive woman but as your therapist it would be inappropriate and definitely not in your best interest if I were to become personally involved with you. Although he considered Crystals overtures to be a result of transference, he began to question the appropriateness of counseling a women who awakened so much of his own personal turmoil, and he worried about the possibility of his own countertransference. Dr.Walker was indeed also sexually attracted to Crystal. While he was cognisant of other occasion in which he was sexually attracted to female clients whom he managed to successfully counsel, Dr. Walker felt less confident in the present case. Crystal had at this union been in therapy for six months. Although he believed that she had made significant progress in this period, he also believed that it would be in her best interest if she were referred to another therapist. He hence decided to terminate therapy and to refer her. Dr.Walker explained to Crystal that he had personal problems of his own that made it inappropriate for him to pass on as her therap ist, and that it was in her best interest if she accepted his referral. Notwithstanding Crystals repeated pleas to know more, Dr. Walker refused to comment on what exactly those personal problems were except to emphasize that they were his, not her, problems. Crystal declined the referral and, in tears, go away his office, neither seeking nor receiving therapy from anyone else again. Dr. Walker did not himself seek professional counseling for his personal problems. However. s a result of his experience with Crystal, he did subsequently avoid practicing marriage counseling, especially with young, attractive female clients. About two years after ending their professional relationship, Dr. Walker met Crystal while shopping at a supermarket and they began to talk. Crystal explained that she had divorced Chris a year ago and that she was presently trying to get back into fashion modeling but was finding it difficult to make headway. The two exchanged phone numbers. A week later Dr. Wal ker called Crystal and asked her out on a date. They subsequently began a sexual relationship.As we have seen, the primary purpose of a therapist is to promote the welfare of the client. In the present case, Dr. Walkers decision to terminate Crystals counseling was a sharp response to the problem of how best to fulfill this primary counseling mission. Dr. Walker was aware that his personal emotions were potentially harmful to Crystals carryd therapeutic advancement. In particular, he was aware that his sexual attraction for this client coupled with his seeming(a)ly unresolved feelings about his former marriage and divorce provided a climate for countertransference. In this regard, Dr.Walkers decision to terminate was in concert with the Principle of Loyalty insofar as his personal conflict prevented him from maintaining emancipation of judgment in the provision of treatment. As provided by APA Standard 1. 13c, a therapist who becomes aware of a personal problem that has potentia l for interfering with the provision of professional services should take appropriate measures, which may include terminating therapy. In making a referral upon termination, Dr. Walker further sought to safeguard client welfare. There was, of course, the risk that Crystal cogency refuse Dr.Walkers referral and never again seek counseling, a possibility that did in fact come to pass. Dr. Walker was accordingly confronted with the problem of deciding which optionreferral versus continued therapyran the greatest chance of minimizing harm and maximizing welfare for this client. In making this utilitarian determination, Dr. Walker could not, however, mechanically and dispassionately calculate the risks of each available option. On the one hand, he had to try to transcend his own subjective feelings in order to rationally assess the situation.Yet, on the other hand, he had to stay in touch with those very same feelings which he sought to transcend in the process of deciding. Were the emo tions he was now experiencing more of an impediment to successful counseling than previous experiences he had when he chose not to refer? Was the present case really different than the previous ones? To answer these questions, Dr. Walker could not merely be an impartial and objective observer applying a rational standard as Kantian ethics. Nevertheless, while he had to live his feelings in order to adequately represent them, he also had to attain some measure of rational space from them.According to Martin (1997) such professional distance can be defined as a reasonable response in engage professional values by avoiding inappropriate personal involvements while maintaining a sense of personal engagement and right. Under-distancing is the undesirable interference of personal values with professional standards. Over-distancing is the equally undesirable loss of personal involvement, whether in the form of denying ones responsibility for ones actions or in the form of lacking desirab le forms of caring about clients and community.How can a professional determine whether client engagement avoids the above extremes and is therefore proper? much(prenominal) determination, according to Martin (1997), constitutes an Aristotelian mean between these extremes. As such it must rest with perception and sound judgment enlightened by experience. As a general rule, this mean appears to be reached in therapy when the therapist gets as close to the clients situation as possible without losing her ability to rationally assess it, for it is at this point that the therapists powers of empathetic caring and understanding are at their highest rational level.The point at which a therapist has attained this mean and has therefore stretched her rational capacities to their limits appears to be relative to both situation and individual therapist and whitethorn not always be attainable. Thus, while Dr. Walker has successfully treated clients to whom he was sexually attracted, at least some therapists might not be able to successfully work with such clients and had best refer them. On the other hand, Dr. Walker was not sanguine about his ability to work with Crystal without under-distancing himself. In deciding whether or not to refer, Dr.Walker needed to remain personally engaged yet detached enough to make a rational judgment about what would best promote his clients welfare. Paradoxically, he had to attain proper distance in order to decide whether, in counseling Crystal, he would be able to maintain proper distance. Martin (1997) claims that maintaining such distance within a professional relationship serves at least three important functions. First, it can help professionals to efficiently cope with difficult situations by keeping them from becoming emotionally overwhelmed.Second, proper distance can help in promoting a professionals respect for clients familiarity. Third, it can help a professional to maintain objectivity. Insofar as loss of professional d istance militates against these three functions, unspoilt potential for loss of proper professional distance in counseling Crystal would have spread outed Dr. Walker sufficient reason for termination. In the first place, loss of professional distance, in particular under-distancing himself from Crystal, could have destroy his ability to cope with Crystals crisis by resulting in countertransference. In such an instance, Dr.Walkers inability to keep personal interests separate from those of client could well have clouded and distorted his professional judgment regarding client welfare and thereby preempted the provision of competent counseling services. With loss of proper professional distance, Dr. Walker would accordingly have also suffered loss of objectivity, that iscritical detachment, impartiality, the absence of distorting biases and blinders (Martin (1997). Had Dr. Walker allowed his personal interests and emotions to seep into the professional relationship, his perception would have been biased and as such not objective.For example, in overidentifying with Crystals plight as an extension of his own negative marital experience, he would no longer have been impartial. He would have had blinders on, interpreting Crystals circumstances in terms of his own values and interests, seeking resolution not of Crystals crisis but of his own. In Dr. Walkers case, loss of proper professional distance could also have affected client autonomy by impairing his powers of empathy. We have seen that empathy can be an important autonomy facilitating virtue.This virtue, however, entails proper professional distance by requiring a therapist to feel as if he were in the clients subjective gentlemans gentleman without ever losing the as if quality. Dr. Walkers failure to keep his own subjectivity separate from that of his client would have precluded the possibility of his accurately sensing the feelings and meanings being experienced by the client, for these experiences wo uld have been filtered through Dr. Walkers own veil of self-interest and personal emotions. As a result Dr.Walker would not have been able to competently help his client accurately clarify the feelings and meanings she was sensing. It is, however, through such increased self-understanding that Crystal could reasonably hope to gain great witness over her own behavior and life circumstances. Given serious potential for loss of proper professional distance, any attempt by Dr. Walker to continue counseling Crystal might therefore have been carried out behind a veil of self-interest and misguided ideas, impeding client progress toward greater autonomy and well-being, countering the primary counseling mission.Under such conditions, Crystals own state of dependency would have rendered her vulnerable to the exploitation and manipulation that easily arises when a counselor does not clearly separate personal welfare, interests, or needs from that of the client. Dr. Walkers decision to termi nate was accordingly in concert with his moral responsibility not to apply the power and authority of his professional role in a manner that might exploit client dependency and vulnerability.In keeping with the Principle of Vulnerability, the heightened vulnerability of this client callable to the therapists diminished capacity for objectivity provided an occasion for exercising special care in guarding against infliction of client harm. This additional moral responsibility to take special care was discharged by Dr. Walker when, in consideration of his personal conflict, he decided to terminate. From a Kantian perspective, the rationale for termination is also apparent. As Crystals therapist, Dr. Walkers role was to facilitate her increased personal autonomy.However, by continuing therapy instead of terminating, he risked treating her as a mere means to the satisfaction of his own preoccupied interests and desires kinda than treating her as an autonomous agent. Dr. Walkers motive for terminating Crystals therapy, namely to safeguard her welfare, could also consistently be willed to be a universal law of nature inasmuch as such a law would be consistent with and supportive of the primary counseling mission. It is noteworthy, however, that not all motives for termination could meet this Kantian standard. For example, had Dr.Walker alter Crystals therapy for the express purpose of beginning a sexual relationship with her, such a motive would not have been universalizable. This is because, if therapists consistently and universally sacrificed their clients welfare whenever it conform to their personal interests or needs, clients would not trust their therapists and therefore counseling would not effectively work. Furthermore, to consent to a universal law of such betrayal would be to consent to being treated as a mere means rather than as an autonomous agent, which no rational person would do.It is thus apparent why the ACA now requires therapists who inten d to have sexual relationships with former clients to ascertain that they did not terminate therapy as part of a plan to initiate a sexual relationship with the client (ACA, 1995, A. 7. b). More generally the ACA also provides that counselors should avoid actions that seek to meet their personal needs at the expense of clients (ACA, 1995, A. 5. a). It might, however, be suggested that no violation of client autonomy occurs when a client consents to termination of therapy for purposes of beginning a sexual relationship.After all, it might be said, is this not to respect the clients will rather than to engage in any form of betrayal? Thus, supposing that Crystal were willing to discontinue therapy for purposes of pursuing sex with Dr. Walker, would Dr. Walker not have respected her autonomy (self-determination) by obliging her? Crystals attraction to Dr. Walker was a case of transference, carrying out a sexual relationship with her would have been to exploit and manipulate her depende ncy, not to value her autonomy.Given Crystals vulnerable state of mind, it is far from clear, however, that her consent could have been considered free and uncoerced. In the least, given Dr. Walkers own impaired capacity for objectivity, and the potential to cause serious client harm, such conduct would have been a blatant violation of Dr. Walkers moral responsibility to safeguard the welfare of a vulnerable client. In terminating the counseling relationship, should Dr. Walker have told Crystal why he was terminating her therapy? It is arguable that in not fully informing Crystal of the grounds of termination, Dr.Walker had failed to act in a manner befitting a candid and congruous therapist. In support of the Principle of comeliness, the APA provides that psychologists make reasonable efforts to answer patients questions and to avoid apparent misunderstandings about therapy(APA, 1992, 4. 01. d). In further support, the ACA provides that whenever counseling is initiated, and thro ughout the counseling process as necessary, counselors inform clients of the purposes, goals, techniques, procedures, limitations, potential risks and benefits of services to be performed, and other pertinent information (ACA, 1995, A. . a). In still further support, the ACA provides that in terminating counseling, counselors should aim at securing agreement when possible (A. 11. c). Unfortunately, Crystal was not afforded the opportunity to provide informed consent to termination in a much as she was denied information material to termination, and which any client in similar circumstances would reasonably want to know. Thereby, she was not treated as an end in herself, that is, as a self-determining agent. Additionally, Dr.Walker left Crystal in a state of frustration and bewilderment. Was she to blame for Dr. Walkers decision to terminate despite his insistence that it was due to his problem? Since Dr. Walker had already admitted that he found Crystal to be attractive, was termina tion a result of his feelings toward her? Did he really love her? On the other hand, was he just offended by her having come on to him? In refusing to disclose his grounds for termination, Dr. Walker failed to achieve adequate closure to therapy, and Crystal was precisely left hanging. While Dr.Walker did previously state that he found Crystal to be a very attractive woman, this had been at Crystals own prompting. As such, this statement of his could well have been construed by Crystal as merely an attempt to appease her. As far as Dr. Walker did not follow through with an explicit, candid disclosure as pertinent to termination, therapy ended on an inauthentic note. In failing to own his own feelings, Dr. Walker missed a last and hence important opportunity to model congruence and so to encourage Crystal to take similar responsibility for her own future life decisions.What, then, might Dr. Walker have said to Crystal in response to her request for further information about why he was terminating and referring her? The truth as presented along the following lines would probably have been sufficient I have not completely worked through my own divorce, which, coupled with my own sexual attraction for you, has made it difficult for me to remain professionally objective and to provide you with the competent counseling services to which you are entitled.In cases like this, it is my professional responsibility to refer you to someone who will afford you such services. In making disclosure along these lines, Dr. Walker would have responded in a manner befitting a candid and congruent therapist, and accordingly in such a manner consistent with the primary counseling mission. Dr. Walkers experience with Crystal appropriately alerted him to the possibility that his own unfinished business surrounding his divorce justified refraining from accepting clients whose profiles were similar to Crystals.In this regard, in concert with the Principle of Loyalty, the APA (1992) provides that psychologists refrain from undertaking an activity when they know or should know that their personal problems are likely to lead to harm to patent, client . . . or other person to whom they may owe a professional or scientific stipulation (1. 13. a). Dr. Walker failed to have worked through his own marital issues affected his ability to provide competent counseling services, Dr. Walker also had a professional responsibility to obtain competent counseling for himself.Thus, in concert with the Principle of Non-Maleficence, the ACA provides that counselors refrain from offering or accepting professional services when their physical, mental or emotional problems are likely to harm a client or others. They are alert to the signs of impairment, seek assistance for problems, and, if necessary, limit, suspend, or terminate their professional responsibilities(ACA, 1995, C. 2. g). In the present case neither Dr. Walker nor Crystal sought therapy for their personal problems afte r their professional relationship ceased.It was under these circumstances, about two years later, that Dr. Walker and Crystal began a sexual relationship. It was therefore quite possible that Crystals sexual attraction and willingness to begin a sexual relationship with Dr. Walker was a result of the same transference problem that led Dr. Walker to terminate therapy in the first place. Similarly, it is also quite possible that Dr. Walkers own sexual attraction and willingness to begin a sexual relationship with Crystal were themselves an actualization of his previously perceived tendency to countertransfer.If so, then the possibility for client manipulation and harm which existed in therapy could be hypothesized to continue to exist in the personal relationship. Furthermore, since in his personal relationship with Crystal Dr. Walker was no longer expected to maintain professional distance or to be objective, the potential for even greater client manipulation and harm could be hypoth esized to exist. In keeping with the Principle of Non-Maleficence, Dr. Walker had a professional responsibility to avoid harming others, which clearly included former clients.Dr. Walker entry into a personal relationship with Crystal placed her at significant risk of harmand arguably at even greater risk than in their previous professional relationshipDr. Walker had a professional responsibility to avoid such a relationship with Crystal. In addition, since this potential for harm may be traced to the exercise of power and authority cleared in the therapeutic background, Dr. Walker may be viewed as having used his professional powers and authorities in a manner inconsistent with Crystals welfare.Furthermore, a rule of once a client, always a client would seem to derive force from the implausibility of supposing that a clients welfare matters only within the professional context but subsequently becomes expendable as soon as therapy is (formally) ended. Further, given that professio nal safeguards were no longer expected in the personal relationship, all knowledge previously acquired in the therapeutic context was no longer insulated from personal use. Thus, by virtue of his personal relation with Crystal, Dr.Walker was no longer expected to remain objective and professionally distanced, yet he was still privy to information previously protected by such professional responsibilities. Given the emotional dynamics of personal relationships, the potential for misuse of such knowledge will have accordingly increased. For example, in the throws of an emotionally heated disagreement, Dr. Walker might allow his perception to be colored by his intimate knowledge of Crystals former marriage. This could in turn affect the manner of his own verbal, behavioral and emotional responses to Crystal.Insofar as knowledge acquired under a bond of professional confidentiality, is subsequently used for personal purposes, the Principle of Discretion will also be breached. As the APA (1992) states, Psychologists discuss confidential information obtained in clinical or consulting relationships only for appropriate professional and scientific purposes (5. 03. b) and it is clear use of private client information for personal, self-interested reasons falls foreign the purview of such legitimate purposes. It is possible. of course, that Dr. Walker could manage to keep such private information out of his personal life.Nevertheless, therapists are human beings who have emotions and do not always perform at their best. Therefore, expecting therapists to avoid at all times being influenced by prior clinical knowledge of a person with whom they are intimately relating may be asking too much of the most well-adjusted. In Dr. Walkers case, however, there were already reasons for supposing that he had unresolved problems that would make such expectations all the more unrealistic. Furthermore, maintaining such a stature is tantamount to expecting the therapist to fulfill his professional esponsibilities within the context of a personal relationship. Role expectations between professional and personal relationships, are however, notoriously inconsistent. Thus, in personal relationships, there is an expectation that the needs of both parties will be met in a more or less reciprocal manner. It is difficult to consistently put the consumers needs first if one is also invested in meeting ones own needs. And, accordingly, as the incompatibility of expectations increases between roles, so will the potential for misunderstanding and harm (Kitchener, 1988).On analysis, it is therefore clear that, in starting a sexual relation with a former client, Dr. Walker acted contrary to the primary counseling mission by taking substantial, unwarranted risks. Even though Dr. Walker waited two years before starting a sexual relation as some standards (for example, APA and ACA) require, there were strong reasons militating against starting the relationship. Furthermore, had Dr. Walker attempted to document that this relationship did not have an exploitative basis, it is questionable that Dr. Walker himself would have been in a situation to objectively assess the matter.Under the circumstances, it would have been more fitting had he called in a consultant to help him to decide the matter (ACA, 1995, C. 2. e). such(prenominal) unbiased ethics assessment would probably have been more reliable than Dr. Walkers own determination. It is evident that a two year waiting period is not itself a reliable index of warranted sexual relations with former clients. As the APA has suggested, warrant for sexual relations with former clients is most unusual. Had Dr. Walker seen Crystal on a single occasion without having established an ongoing professional relation with her, such warrant would have been arguable.Here, however, there is still danger of the appearance of conflict of interestor even worse, of exploitation of clients. A profession cannot afford to have its image tarnished. A therapist concerned for the welfare of prospective clients cannot afford to neglect professional image. A professional known to have had sex with former clientsno matter how well the relation might have been documenteddoes nothing to promote an image of a trustworthy and virtuous therapist in the public eye. Finally, legal requirements need not always be in harmony with professional standards.While some causes may sometimes be morally compelling enough to override obedience to law, it is unlikely that violation of a state statute in order to engage in a sexual relation with a former client would qualify. If sexual relations with former clients were de jure regarded as sexual misconduct in the state in which Dr. Walker practiced, there would have been further reason, an overriding and compelling reason, for his not engaging in such a relation with Crystal. In the absence of such a state statute, there would also have been a compelling case against it.ETHICAL S TANDARDS FOR ADDRESSING DUAL ROLE RELATIONSHIPS The following rules of dual role relationships may be gathered from the case study. While they are not intended to be exhaustive of all such possible rules, they are intended to supplement ones provided under Principles of Loyalty and Non-Maleficence. General Rules Regarding Dual Role Relationships GR 1 In considering whether a dual role relationship is morally problematic and should be avoided or terminated therapists considers the potential for loss of the clients liberty of judgment as well as that of their own.GR 2 Therapists consider the adverse effects that pursuing certain types of dual role relationships (for instance, sexual relations with former clients) might have on the public image of their profession, and avoid apparent conflicts of interest as well as actual ones. GR 3 Therapists avoid any dual role relationship in which a serious potential for misappropriation of confidential information exists (for instance, the use o f such information for malicious or self-serving purposes).GR 4 Therapists who have institutional affiliations (for instance, teach at colleges or universities or work in agencies) avoid provision of therapy to other employees with whom they have or are likely to have working relations. GR 5 Therapists establish and maintain contact with other qualified professionals available to render competent, independent ethics consultation or supervision in case conflicts of interest make the therapists own judgment questionable.GRs 1 through 4 are based upon the premise that therapists should take reasonable measures to avoid all dual role relationships for which there exists serious potential for loss of independence of judgmentthe clients as well as the therapistsand conflicts of interestapparent and actual. The aforementioned rules provide some key considerations for avoiding such relationships. When therapists cannot feasibly avoid a conflict of interest, then they should fully inform the affected clients about the conflict, and, with the clients consent, seek consultation and/or supervision from other qualified professionals (ACA, 1995, A. . a). GR 5 has been advanced in support of the latter premise. In satisfying GR 5, therapists who work in agencies should establish and maintain contact with other competent professionals who practice outside their agencies and are therefore more likely to provide independent, nonbiased consultation or supervision. Therapists who practice in isolated rural areas have an especially compelling interest in establishing and maintaining such contacts.As is true with respect to other rules, the present ones are intended to help in guiding therapists decisions regarding dual role relationships, but are not intended as a substitute for careful ethical reflection. For instance, while avoidance of apparent conflicts of interest is important for maintaining professional image, GR 2 must be applied with regard for the welfare, interests, and needs of particular clients. For example, a therapist might justly tolerate public appearance of a conflict of interest in order to prevent serious harm to an identifiable client while such involvement purely for personal gain would be unacceptable.GR 1 underscores that morally problematic dual role relationships can arise not only when the therapist encounters a conflict of interest but also when the clients independence of judgment is impaired. Since either case can result in ineffective or self-defeating therapy, a therapist may have compelling reason for avoiding or terminating a dual role relationship even when it is only the clients judgment that is adversely affected. The use of the term qualified professional in GR 5 refers to another competent therapist as well as to a competent professional in a related area such as a professional ethicist.The term working relations in GR 4 means direct employee relations arising out of the cooperative performance of specific job-related tasks. Such tasks include secretarial, administrative, custodial, maintenance, committee, and departmental functions. Working relations must involve direct contact, which means exchange of information by face-to-face contact or other channels such as e-mail, phone or interoffice memo. In general, the more frequent and intimate the job-related ontact between therapist and client, the greater the potential for loss of independence of judgment by both parties. Thus, an occasional interoffice memo may not be as risky as on-going face-to-face contact. The term working relation does not apply simply because two individuals have the same employer. In a very large institution such as a state university, it is possible that two employees have no working relation, but this is less likely to be true in smaller institutions such as counseling agencies.Rules Regarding Sexual Relations with Former Clients SF 1 Therapists do not engage in sexual relations with current clients and generally avoid s exual relations with former clients. In rare cases in which therapists are considering the warrant for sexual relations with former clients (for instance, in cases where no ongoing therapeutic relationship has been established), they consult with other competent, impartial professionals in documenting the non-exploitative nature of the considered relations.SF 2 Therapists recognize that their former clients like current clients can still be vulnerable to sexual manipulation, and therefore avoid taking undue sexual advantage of these individuals Therapists do not assume that their former clients agreement to enter into sexual relations with them constitutes freely given consent. SF 3 If the state in which a therapist practices regards all sexual relations with former clients as sexual misconduct, then therapists do not engage in any such relations even where warrant for the relation might otherwise exist.In SF 2, the term undue sexual advantage refers to the exploitation of any clien t weakness related to the prior therapist-client relationship, for example, an unresolved client transference issue, persistent client dependency on the therapist, or the therapists position of power and authority over the client. Insofar as such client weaknesses may persist after therapy has been terminated, the burden of proof resides with the therapist to show that the clients consent to a sexual relation with the therapist is not a result of such factors but rather constitutes the clients autonomous, uncoerced consent (NASW, 1997, 1. 9. c). In the rare cases in which this can be shown, SF 1 requires that documentation include the favorable outcome of consultation with at least one other independent, competent professional (as defined above) in addition to such documentation specified in other pertinent standards addressed in this chapter (APA, 1992, 4. 07 ACA, 1995, A. 7. b). While a virtuous therapist would ordinarily have regard for law, we have noted that some causes such as prevention of serious harm to a client may sometimes militate against compliance with law.Rule SF 3, however, is intended to make clear that satisfaction of the therapists sexual interests even when coupled with that of the former clientdoes not warrant or mitigate the legal transgression. Rules Regarding Sexual loss leader to Clients AC 1 Therapists are not disqualified from counseling clients to whom they are sexually attracted so long as they are able to provide these clients with competent, professional services.However, if they have or, in the course of therapy, develop sexual attractions for clients which impair or are likely to impair the therapists independence of judgment, then they terminate therapy and make appropriate referrals. AC 2 Therapists do not accept as clients individuals from certain populations (for instance, certain gender and age categories) for whom sexual feelings are likely to impair independence of judgment. In such cases therapists take appropriate st eps to overcome their personal problems, such as seeking therapy for themselves, before taking on such individuals as clients.AC 3 In cases where therapists terminate therapy due to mutual sexual attraction, therapists inform clients as to the nature of termination, and do not misrepresent or mislead clients as to the cause of termination. .AC 1 assumes that sexual attraction for at least some clients is frequent occurrence and is not in itself a reason for terminating therapy. AC 1 affords therapists the autonomy to decide whether such attraction is of such a quality as to impair professional judgment. Therapists sexual attractions for clients may however sometimes be related to therapists own unfinished business. In such cases AC 2 recognizing the need to address such personal problems therapeutically before counseling groups of clients to whom the sexual attraction may be generalized. AC 3 is supported by both Principles of Honesty and Candor in requiring therapists with sexual a ttractions for clients to avoid deception in informing these clients of the grounds for termination. Rules Regarding Therapy with Students TS 1 Therapists do not engage in therapy with current students or those with whom current students have intimate relationships.Consistent with client welfare, therapists may engage in therapy with former students. TS 2 while therapists may not solicit students for referrals, they may accept unasked referrals from students. TS 3 If, during the course of therapy, therapists clients also become their students, therapists take reasonable steps to terminate the ensuing dual role relationships, including terminating therapy and providing appropriate referrals. Therapists inform their clients of all significant risks related to maintaining such dual role relationships and, consistent with client welfare, decline to remain in both roles.Therapists support and encourage their clients own informed, autonomous choices in resolving the conflict. TS 4 Therapi sts who ascertain that prospective clients are likely to become their students decline to accept such individuals as clients. As part of their clients informed consent to therapy, therapists who teach inform potential students (clients whose profiles suggest that they might become students) of a professional responsibility not to engage in therapy with their students. In TS 1, the term intimate relationships includes family members such as parents, step parents, grandparents, and siblings.The term also includes significant others such as boyfriends or girlfriends, fiancees, and sexual partners. While an individual may not have a close relationship with all family members, the prospect that the family bond will implicate the student is substantial enough to justify a strict rule against counseling family members of students. Although TS 2 permits therapists to accept as clients the unsolicited referrals from students, it is noteworthy that, in concert with TS 1, such permissible, un solicited referrals do not include individuals with whom students have intimate relationships.TS 3 provides that therapists should take reasonable measures to terminate non-elective dual role relationships with students. In the context of therapy this means measures which are consistent with client welfare, and which accordingly promote client trust and autonomy. The rule provides that clients be afforded maximal autonomy in deciding how the dual role relationship will be resolved for example, whether the student-teacher relationship will be preserved and the therapist-client relationship erminated, or conversely. TS 4 recognizes the utility of taking preventative measures to increase the likelihood that a non-elective dual role relationship with students is avoided before it is established by the student. It also conforms with the Principle of Candor in making clear, from the start, the Therapists professional responsibility not to counsel students. In this way, the therapists move to discontinue such a relationship (should one later be established) comes as no surprise to the client.REFERENCES American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (1991). Code of ethics. Washington, DC AAMFT American Association of University Professors (1990). Statement on professional ethics. AAUP Policy Documents and Reports, 75-76. American Counseling Association (1995). Code of ethics. Alexandria, VA ACA. American Psychological Association (1992). Standards of ethics. Washington, DC APA. Anderson, B. S. (1996). The counselor and the law. 4th Ed. Alexandria, VA ACA. Davis, M. & A. Stark (in press).Conflict of interest and the professions. New York Oxford University Press. Herlihy, B. & G. Corey (1997). terminal point issues in counseling Multiple roles and responsibilities. Alexandria, VA ACA. Kitchener, K. S. (1988). Dual role relationships What makes them so problematic? Journal of counseling and development, 67, 217-221. Martin, M. W. (1997). Professional distanc e. International journal of applied philosophy. 12(1). National Association of Social Workers (1997). Code of ethics. Washington, DC NASW.

How Technology Has Changed Our Lives in Just 10 Years

Q How has technology changed in the past 10 years? A The biggest technology change of the last 10 years is the proliferation of the internet into mainstream society. It started with the widespread adoption of email. From that modest foothold, the internet grew to become what it is today the de-facto medium for human communication. Q Why has it changed? A The internet is a better mousetrap. Before, we had snail mail, telephones, newspapers, encyclopedias, libraries, record albums, radio, television, and impression theaters.All were slow and cumbersome and controlled by a relative minority. The internet is fast, affordable, and widely available. Whats more, it seems to facilitate some innate human desires to share, to be liked, and to be in control of our environment. The internet age is customizable, on-demand, instantaneous. Q Is it all good? Why or why not? A Everything is a tradeoff. The internet accelerates many aspects of life, and sometimes that can be a scary thing. However, the good outweighs the bad.Over time the global nature of the internet will help normalize the standard of hold around the world. This might be unattractive to prosperous nations in the short term, but in the long term it is good for everyone. Q What will technology be like 10 years from now? A Ten years from now well be interacting with devices (and by extension, each other) using sophisticated I/O hardware that tracks our eye movements, senses the motion of our bodies, and possibly even reads our thoughts.It sounds like science fiction, but there are companies who are already competing in these areas. In terms of output, I would not be the least bit surprised to see advances in sense areas that are currently ignored i. e. taste, touch and smell. It might be more than 10 years out, but when I can download a venti house blend from Starbucks. com, Ill know were making solid progress.

Heart and Right Femoral Artery Essay

PROCEDURE The right groin was prepped and draped in the usual fashion. Seldinger technique was used, and a 6-French sheath was placed in the right femoral artery. A local anesthetic was used and sublingual nitroglycerin was given no heparin was used. The left and right coronary arteries were selectively opacified in the Lao and RAO projections using manual injections of Optiray. A ventriculogram was done in the RAO projection with the use of a 6-French pigtail catheter. The catheters were and so withdrawn, the sheath was removed and VasoSeal applied, and the patient was sent to her room in good condition without complications.PRESSURES Aorta 117/63, LV 110/2-6RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY This is a dominant vessel. There is a long segment of severe subtotal disease extending from the proximal portion to almost the mid third. The rest of this vessel alike appears to be diffusely diseased. The posterior descending branch is identified and this is 80% change at its ostium. There is another 9 0% lesion in the distal 1/3 of this vessel. The AV branch is diminutive.LEFT CORONARY ARTERY Left main trunk is calcified and has a 60%70% distal narrowing. Left anterior descending is severely diseased from its origin, and gives off a diagonal and septal perforator and then the LAD is totally occluded. The circumflex calcification is seen in the main trunk where moderate plaque is seen compromising the lumen about 50%60%. The circumflex then divides into two branches the first of all is the lateral branch and then a second lateral branch. The first lateral branch is severely narrowed in its proximal portion to 90%, and then has another long segment of about 75% narrowing. This does appear to be a diffusely diseased vessel. The second lateral branch also has a long segment of 90% disease distally. The terminal AV branch of the circumflex is completely occluded.LEFT VENTRICLE End systolic and end diastolic volumes are increased. There is diffuse impairment of contractility indicati ng diffuse multiwall ischemia. Overall contractility is mild-to-moderately impaired with an ejection fraction of the post PVC beat being around 40% or so. No major wall segment abnormalities are noted. The mitral and aortic valves are normal. The descending aorta is slightly dilated.

A study of reading habits Essay

The subject of journeys is present in Philip Larkins poem, A remove of Reading Habits. However, it is not a physical journey that we rede, but a metaphorical journey about the speakers life progression by his changing escapisms created by books. The title is a mock, serious title for it sounds like a piece of academic research Larkin uses first person fictitious character to carry expression to things he would prefer not to have attributed to himself. The structure of the poem divided into three stanzas school years, adolescent years and the present.The tone is sarcastic and colloquial, that on with the shorter lines, creates a less serious poem from Larkin. In the first part of his journey, the persona is imaginative and loves to read, so much so that is it ruining his eyes. He imagines a fantasy world where he could be cool and deal out the right hook to his bullies. The alliteration of dirty dogs is symbolism of the personas bullies, which portrays them as the villains. It is the stories, which makes him believe he is invincible, like that of the heroes he reads about.The stories provide an escapism to which he can be brave, hero, and not the bullied kid to which he is in reality. at that place is a smooth, harmonious quality in the beginning stanza due to Euphony. This underscored how easygoing and fantasy-like childhood can be. The second part of his journey represents his adolescent years. We now see him with inch thick specs, which is ironic to him previously stating his compassion for reading was ruining his eyes. We see the persona become more gothic and dark, with his mod love of Horror Fiction.Cloaks and fangs sounds dangerous and eerie, which is his bare-ass escapism. Some critics rede that ripping could be vampire vocabulary but it also can refer to macrocosm posh. Through his journey through stanza two, we see him move on to more lustrous novels, where his escapism is him being a womanizer. Larkin use borrowed language of clubbed with sex and broke them up like meringues to create the poets whimsical world. The similie refers to his lust for sexual encounters with women.The phrases are quite cheesy and some suggest it is bad writing on Larkins behalf, but some argue it is Larkin trying to sound like a bad guy. Larkin is trying too hard to sound like Raymond Chandlers character, Marlowe, but it just doesnt work. In the final part of the personas journey, which leads him up to the present tense, we see a completely conflicting visual modality of reading. In the final stanza the speaker comes to terms with reality he can no longer hide behind books.He realizes that his world is less fulfilling than the fantasies visualised in books, and says dont read much now. He feels betrayed by books and his tone becomes bitter. The yellow figure evokes the sense of weakness and represents cowardly characteristics. This metaphor produces the effect of a cowardly character, which evidently relates to the persona. This means h e can no longer fantasice for the characters he looked up to are weak. With no more escapism, the persona no longer wants to read.In the penultimate line of the poem Lark says Get stewed, which is said in a light hearted jokey way. Some suggest it refers to getting drunk, which may be his alternative escapism, but some argue it means get lost, referring to the disappointment. On the contrary, the final line represents the personas new feelings towards books. He believes they are a worthless load of crap. The theme of the poem is that escapism and ignoring reality only makes life less fulfilling, which is illustrated through the theme of a journey.

Ethnic and Religious Conflict in Nigeria Essay

Basically, Nigeria is a plural society and heterogeneous in virtually all the facet of life. The rule and tradition of Nigerians is so diverse to the extent that Nigeria as a country is directly confronted with the problem of godliness and heathenishity towards their governmental stability. The origin and muniment of social booking (societal wars and violence) lowlife be t wash drawingd from eternal ( privileged) adduce rivalry to external (physical). And its root cause is not very far from power competition and decision reservation over economic resources and another(prenominal) important human factor, like position.The implementation process has continuously involved more than one or two persons. In gen geological eral concept, the author of this operation traces conflict back to the frontmost and early Patriarchal of human history and ever since then, there has been an increase (in miscellaneous dimensions) of bout in the face of human world. Some are personal (i nternal) conflict, family, community, and group, intellectual, state, national and international in nature, to mention exclusively few. In conforming to this idea, Badawi (2006) in his arguing titled World A secern stated thus, indeed the greatest discord today is among the descendants of Abraham.These are the people of the book, the followers of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, who had in fact share a frequent beginning in the worship of Abraham. In shedding more light in the above statement, Badawi statement goes far beyond religion, rather, he was tracing one of the earliest source of conflict which Badawi mentioned the off-springs of the tell Abraham. Even before Abraham, there had been conflict, so it is as old as human history down to the Abrahamic period, to ancient kingdoms, Dukes, and Kings. In about 88 B. C. , King Mithriadates VI of Pontus invaded Roman land in Asian Minor.He advised Asian debtors to kill their Roman creditors. Happy to reduce their credit card bi lls, the Asians massacred 80,000 Romans. Ethno- governmental conflicts extradite greatly shaped our present world and of course shake up its structural phenomenon, (William Easterly, 2001). For instances, the conflict we now call Israeli and Palestinian war, has been an ever-lengthening sort. The Assyrian, Babylonian war, by King Nebuchadnezzar of the hanging Garden in history, the Persia war, Alexander the Great (the Macedonian mad man in history), the German war of Adolfs.Hitler, the Roman wars, narrowing all these down, we came to the horn of African continent which seem to be an epidemic field of conflicts of diverse kinds work on date. The giant-lion of African continent, just like the origin of conflict is said to birth stated very old in human history, even so in the mooring of Nigeria, which can be traced to the colonial period of history. employment takes different sizes and shapes with diverse reasons and purposes.Majority of the conflicts takes time before their esc alation and at such, could have been transformed right at their respective early stages. The history of ethnicity and ethnic conflicts in Nigeria is also traced back to the colonial transgressions that wringd the ethnic groups of the northern and southern provinces to become an entity called Nigeria in 1914. In the case of Nigeria situation, disturbing history of colonialism, this generated hatred and conflict among different ethnic groups. The task of addressing this seed of conflict planted by the British has been a abstruse one.After weakening the former diverse kingdoms, Emperors, etc now called Nigeria and reordering the groups politics, the colonial powers failed in nation building and providing for the peoples primary needs. Hence, unemployment, poverty increase, and collect to these, conflict over scarce resources ensue. The Southern and Northern protectorates were also being amalgamated into a nation. Thereafter, the merging of different colonies into one country called Nigeria was forcefully do without the peoples consent. This was a major seed of conflict that is still troubling Nigeria today.This article is focuse on the historical incidents of ethnic conflicts in inside Nigeria societies, the cause of the conflicts and perhaps, the government actions towards ethnic conflict in the country. In conclusion, this paper leave behind explore into decision-making (by the elites and those in authority) process has contributed immensely in generating the syndromes of conflict in the said state. The Nigerian political situation has witnessed more breaking of heads, than counting them. In fact, even when it has been convenient for heads to be counted, the outcome has always been the breaking of heads instead.Conflict in Nigeria is so intense because of lack of pop behaviour. The head of the individual in the democratic context signifies citizenship. So when heads are broken in the Nigerian political community, the issue in respect of broken heads is c itizenship. If conflict in Nigeria call ups the absence of democratic behaviour, it follows, therefore, that conflict in Nigeria is interwoven with the absence of democratic governing body. Gurr (2000) has also shown that the incidence of conflicts at the global level declined in recent years with the deepening of democratisation.Nation-states where conflicts persist are those where what obtains is the democratisation of disempowerment (Ake 1996). Beyond the veneer of elections, the state remains ambushed, privatised, repressive and un common. The people who were tantalised by the prospect of a democratic revolution that would terminate decades of alienation and pauperisation have been short changed and given a choice less democracy (Mkandawire 1999). The credibility gap which fostered the De-linkage of the people from the state, and ignited social forces to struggle for democracy, is not being bridged (Rothchild 1995 58).African peoples out of clear sensible calculations sans a tavistic attachments have turned their backs on the state and given their loyalty to sub-national social governances such as the community, the sub nationality or ethnic groups (Ake 2000 114). It is against this backdrop that the proliferation and irritation of violent ethno-religious conflicts in Nigeria in the post-transition period can be appreciated. This article adopts an analytical framework that holds that The interface between ethnicity and democratisation is found in absence of effective citizenship and good governance in post-transition societies.In the circumstance that democracy does not go beyond the conduct of multi interpretery elections to include improvement in the quality of life of the people, there is frustration, and people who already feel alienated from the state are vulnerable and likely to be mobilised around counter-elites who exploit extant popular alienation from the state by whipping up sectarian sentiments. This has been the case in Nigeria and sever al multi-ethnic states of Africa (Osaghae 1994).Although the foregoing theoretical discussion has focused on ethnicity, the term ethno-religious is adopted because some of the recent violent conflicts to be examined were triggered by religious issues. The relevance of religion is also underlined by the fact that in Nigeria ethnic boundaries tend to coincide with religion, with the exception of the Yoruba ethnic group (Ibrahim 1999). The Nigeria state was amalgamated in the year 1914 by lord lugard. The various geographical areas or territory which was amalgamated to form Nigeria by the colonialist comprises of various cleavages, clans, towns even there were kingdoms and chiefdoms with diverse culture, language, religion, norms values, customs and political structures etc.The focus of the research monogram is to examine the role of religion and ethnicity in Nigeria nascent democracy. In Nigeria especially, religion plays a very vital and influential role in the society that has manif ested itself as a potent force in the political development of the Nigerian state from pre-independence to post-independence. Hardly can the Nigerian state be talked about without reference to religion (Kukah, 1994 Falola, 1990 Kenny, 2006 International IDEA, 2000 Suberu, 2009).However, religion in Nigeria, at different levels, is mostly mentioned in negative terms. Or rather, historical events linked to religion tilts more towards its negative than its positive contribution to the Nigerian state. The Jihad, the civil war propaganda, the Sharia law controversy, the tensions provoked by the Nigerian accession to the Organization of Islamic Countries (OIC) and the incessant religious crises that have engulfed the Northern part primarily indicate that religion cannot be ignored or wished away in the Nigerian political development. Several religious crises have occurred in Nigeria.They have been documented as academic dissertations for some of them. This piece of work does not intend to start the discourse on religious violence anew but only recognizes the fact that as a recurrent phenomenon it is worth being explored further. Thus Boko Haram menace which gained global recognition and even press support ranging from July 2009 till date is a the central focus of this study together with other riots which has engulfed the Nigeria state from 1999 till date which most Nigeria educated elite believed that religion and ethnicity were the basic causes.The educated elite have conducted series of research on what the causes of this violent riots maybe. Most have concluded that it can be traced and linked to the failure of governance in Nigeria. 1. 2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS The mistake of 1914 has polarised the Nigeria society together with its citizens in which loyalty to the State is a mirage instead people pay loyalty to their various families and ethnic groups the effect of this can be traced to 1967 civil-war which disintegrate the country or in the political brass whic h almost lead to secession of the country with the east believed to be the aggrieved ethnic in the war.Similarly Nigeria has a long history of religious crisis which has affected the political instability of Nigeria. The maintasine riot of 1980 can be said to be the first major religious riot in Nigerian history, claiming about 800 lives. The Boko Haram insurgence in the northern part of the country which has been directed mainly against the Christians, they have suffered a stripe both physically, psychologically, economically, spiritually and even politically in the far North which has led political writers and pundits to affirm that Boko Haram conflict has its grow in Religion.The thrust of this work will be to examine the underlying reasons behind political instability in Nigeria using religion and ethnicity as a paradigm. 1. 3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY. The study will cover the impacts of religion and ethnicity towards the stabilization or in- stabilization of the Nigeria political placement it will cover how religion and ethnicity have impacted on the political stability of Nigeria. Furthermore the study will emphasize more on the role the government is playing in stabilize the un-stabilized country. 1. 4OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The following can be regarded as the aims and objective of the study 1.To know the meaning of religion, ethnicity, political stability, and political instability 2. To know how religion and ethnicity have negatively impacted on Nigerian political development 3. To develop possible solutions and panaceas to the problems of religions and ethnicity to Nigerian political in-stability 1. 5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1 What meaning does religion, ethnicity and political instability carries 2 How has religion and ethnicity impacted on the political stability of Nigeria 3 what are the possible solutions to the problem of religion and ethnicity in Nigeria political system 1.6 JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY Many a developing countries of the world are currentl y experiencing the problems which ethnicity and religion have caused. The ethnic problem which led to the apartheid era in South Africa is also the same ethnicity and religion problem which has almost disintegrated the Nigerian State. Recalling back to what happen during the civil war in the late sixties and early seventies which led to the introduction of the national youth service corp. by the then military president General Yakubu Gowon which aim at incorporate back the almost disintegrated country.Books, Journals, Magazines, Pamphlets, and lot of researches have been written and carried out respectively on the issue of ethnicity and religion, and its impact on the Nigeria political stability. This research work will serve as an additional material to the issue on ethnicity and religion to political instability in Nigeria, this work will focus more on ethnicity and religion and its impact on Nigerian politics 1. 7RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research methodology will be based on se condary data collections ranging from books, Journals watchwordpapers, News Magazines, Pamphlets and even the Internet.In conducting any research basically there are two methodologies employed by researchers which are the primary and the secondary methods. This research work will be basically conducted using the secondary methodology as earlier mentioned. 1. 8DEFINITION OF TERMS Ethnicity According to the oxford advance learners dictionary ethnicity can simply mean the fact of belonging to a ill-tempered race from the dictionary meaning we can deduced the fact that Humans believed in race and they have passion for race which leads to humans ethnocentrism i. e. highly ethnocentric in nature.Ethnicity has a strategic interaction of persons and other actors, who have different beliefs, attitudes, values and goals as they decide particular conflict the distribution of resources and general issues of political rules within a context of norms, expectations and institutions. Any of the r ule, expectation and institutions may be reversed, maintained or inverted by the individual who win the right to control them, in the course of those political dialogues that are sometimes called cooperation, and sometimes called war, and are usually somewhere between the two.In another sense, ethnic identity are political resources just like money or vote. Instrumentalist like Micheal Banton and Micheal Hecthtar, argue that ethnic identity are not inherent in group or socio-formation of people. They see ethnic identity as socio-capital brought to bear on the political negotiation table by different groups and at different times. Hutchinson and Smith also argue that ethnic identity are an important resource that political elect employ in securing the support of the masses as a strategy for gaining a desired good.These goods and or goals are measured in terms of wealth, power, and precondition and joining or national communities helps to secure these ends either by influencing the state, or in certain situations, through secession. Religion religion on its own part can be regarded as the belief in the foundation of God or gods and the activity that are connected in the worship of them. Religion can also be stress further by meaning one of the system of faith that are based on the belief in the existence of a particular God or gods.For example the Jewish religion, Christianity Islam and other world religion. Furthermore in the classical and ancient ages religion has achieved a lot in their politics for example the doctrine of Islam was used in many Arab nations has their constitution even up till the present age. The Ancient Romans, also, during the time of Constantine recognized Christianity as a religion and a mode of life which also affected their political terrain.Religion in the 21 century is now used narrowly towards Christianity and Islam even though other religion still exist but the former two religion have elevated to prominence that other religio n are now beneath them. For instance about Political stability can depict the mean of a system of politics in which the government of that State is experiencing a stable government and peaceful existence in the State or in otherworlds a legitimately reliable government by the people. Democratically governed States are believed to be stable.In the global sense every political entity must be ruled democratically without internal oppression or external aggression. Any country of the world that is free from the aforementioned point are regarded as stable political system in other words internal oppression has cause a lot of havoc to many democracies of the world which has infringed on their stability as noted by Ojo 2002. Descent Rule These covers a larger set of cases that we commonly understand to be ethnic than the rules that ethnic groups must have a myth of common ancestry or common origin. exclusively it excludes several cases in which individuals routinely consider themselves, a nd are considered as members, of a group that we classify as ethnic even when their parents were not coded as members of this group. Take for example the category Yoruba when it was invented in Nigeria in the nineteenth century. At this time period, the parents of those who were separate as Yoruba were not themselves assort as Yoruba for the reason that this category did not exist during their lifetimes.According to Descent Rule, then, the category Yoruba in the nineteenth century would not be coded as ethnic. But the category Yoruba is universally coded as an ethnic category by all comparative political scientists, without making a distinction between time periods. As another example, consider the category Backward Caste in India, which included as members individuals who possessed a given set of last names and/or ancestral occupations. The category was introduced by the Indian Central Government in 1990.Within a few years, 52% of the Indian population classified itself and was c lassified as backward. Yet the parents of those who termed themselves Backward Caste were not coded by themselves or by others as Backward Caste because, as in the case of the first generation of Yorubas, this category did not exist during their lifetimes Democracy According to Abraham Lincoln he defines democracy as the government of the people by the people and for the people.In this wise democracy connotes a system of government in which all the people in a country will have the outright severalise on the government of their country although in a representative manner meaning that they will elect representatives that will represent their interest in the government. ripe countries if the world where democracy is practiced completely they have national identity as opposed to the developing world where they have ethnic identity.Advanced democracies always believe in secularism in which every religion is accepted and embraced not a system in which part will have cognisance to a rel igion and the other will believe in other religion causing serious tension in such states like Nigeria. Federalism Elasar (cited in Akande, 19961) the formation of European union (EU) which simply begun as a trading partnership for coal and steel is now moving towards a more integrated political union founded upon federal principle of governance.The African union (AU) which is the federation of African counties where a central government intended to be created with sharing or division of power among the federating unit, even the world highest organization body united Nation have in some little degree, evolved the principle of federalism. Federalism is a system of government which embraces unity in diversity. Federalism as a system of government is one in which there will be central and regional governments apiece one autonomous of each other.